Scene 2 From Siegfried By Richard Wagner Essay - 805 Words

Each of the following excerpts, Act 2, Scene 2 from Siegfried by Richard Wagner, â€Å"Habanera† from Carmen (Act I, Scene 5) by Georges Bizet, and â€Å"Non So Piu Cosa Son† from The Marriage of Figaro (Act I, scene 4) by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, present many different reflections of gender and gender stereotypes. In this short essay, I will address how each piece uniquely reflects gender, by discussing elements such as character dress, orchestral accompaniment, timbre, and body language. In â€Å"Habanera,† the main character is a woman named Carmen who is portrayed as an exotic seductress. The orchestra begins playing a hypnotic rhythm softly, and keeps the soft dynamic throughout the song. The orchestra is composed of strings, delicate chimes, and a tambourine. The softness in tone, and the choice of instruments show how feminine gender is being reflected through the music. Woodwinds and strings, symbolize softness and gentleness, in songs. Women have stereot ypically been considered gentle and nurturing throughout history. The orchestra follows Carmen’s melody, while never overpowering the sound of her voice. The timbre of Carmen’s voice is full, but also delicate. She reaches high pitches, falling slowly down to the bottom of the scale, like a feather that is floating to the ground. In addition, Carmen’s body language also reflects her femininity. She takes gliding steps across the stage, and makes dainty hand gestures. Her posture is always changing, quite frequently she rocksShow MoreRelatedRichard Wagner - Twilight Of The Gods1365 Words   |  6 PagesRichard Wagner - Twilight of the Gods (Gotterdammerung) http://www.biography.com/people/richard-wagner-9521202 †¢ Wagner birth name is Wilhelm Richard Wagner, he was one of the most influential and controversial composers; born May 22, 1813 in Leipzig, Germany and died of a heart attack on February 13, 1883 in Venice, Italy. He is known for writing serveral complex operas, At the age of 21, he wrote his first opera â€Å"The Fairies†. It is sid that his music was played at a concentration campRead MoreThe State University Academic Integrity Code Essay822 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"I pledge on my honor that I have not violated the Appalachian State University Academic Integrity Code.† Each of the following excerpts, Act 2, Scene 2 from Siegfried by Richard Wagner, â€Å"Habanera† from Carmen (Act I, Scene 5) by Georges Bizet, and â€Å"Non So Piu Cosa Son† from The Marriage of Figaro (Act I, scene 4) by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, present many different reflections of gender and gender stereotypes. In this short essay, I will address how each piece uniquely reflects gender, by discussingRead MoreEssay on Wagnerian3838 Words   |  16 Pagesdenotes someone who listens to the operas of Richard Wagner and loves them to a degree bordering on the unreasonable. And hes continually amazed by the fact that I dont get off on Wagner to the degree that he does. He also hit me once when I referred to Wagner as a proto-Nazi. Granted we were both a bit drunk at the time, but even so, you may get a bit of an idea how much respect and love Matthew has for the various works of Richard W. Nonetheless, I stand by both of those

An Essay on Tahitians and Europeans in the Voyage of Bougainville Free Essays

string(81) " Tahitians may be regarded as â€Å"immoral† and â€Å"barbaric† to say the least\." The Voyage of Bougainville tells of a story about a voyage into the island of Tahiti which was led by Bougainville. His group wandered and stayed in this island for a period of time during which they were welcomed by its natives, Tahitians, with overwhelming hospitality, and a degree of trust, due to their innocence and ignorance of the ways and motives of Europeans. They offered them their women as a welcome gesture. We will write a custom essay sample on An Essay on Tahitians and Europeans in the Voyage of Bougainville or any similar topic only for you Order Now Their stay, however, had manifested a great degree of difference in morals, customs, ways and beliefs between Tahitians and Europeans, and had irked the ire of their Chieftain. The differences between these cultures became even more evident through the discourse between Orou, a Tahitian, and the European Chaplain. It may be said that Tahitians lead a savage life, a way of life that is ‘near the origin of the world,’ whereas Europeans live in a society with a ‘complicated mechanism’ brought about by its advanced culture. Clearly, the difference is remarkable to say the least. But Tahitians and Europeans, similarly, had beliefs, customs, and morals that they religiously followed however different they were. We shall discuss extensively their differences, and how they will be manifested and supported through an examination of their lifestyles, practices, customs, and beliefs. As Tahitians greatly held the law of nature as superior, the Europeans believe without a doubt, and with great conviction, that the law of God was absolute and supreme, above all else. They likewise held different views in how to live their lives, whereas Europeans were great achievers of material gains and human knowledge, Tahitians were happy with the basic necessities of life. They did not want anything more than what they needed. Perhaps, citizens of modern society would view the seemingly extreme beliefs and morals of Tahitians as barbaric, especially in their views towards sexual act, child bearing and the union between men and women. On the other hand, they regarded the beliefs and customs of Europeans as going against the ways of nature, illogical, and hypocritical. Tahitians viewed their women differently from that of familiar Europeans, including that of physical attributes in general. What may be important and beautiful to the modern world held no importance and were valueless in the eyes of the Tahitians. These points of differences merit point by point discussion, as well as their potential similarities. Basic vs. Excess Historically, Europeans have always gone to great lengths to widen its reach in land and territory; improved on skills and knowledge; increased its sources for food, among many reasons. In fact, they have traveled all over the globe, to lands yet unexplored in search for things that they thought they needed or wanted, that were not available in their native lands, or to lay claim on those lands that they found, whether or not these land have inhabitants. They strived hard and worked towards their worldly goals in the hope that these will enrich their lives. These desires to explore, to know and to claim in excess of what they had, paved way for Europeans to acquire reaches and influence of great magnitude, perhaps, even having been instrumental in populating half the world. On the other hand, the Tahitians were content in their own part of the world, without a care to the goings on of the people in other parts of the globe. They were happy in their land and had no wish to explore and gain worldly possessions outside of what their native land could offer, their isolation had been instrumental in their innocence. However ignorant they may be of worldly knowledge, as they hold no importance to it, they were not desirous of it or in want of anything else. As the Tahitian chieftain has remarked upon Bougainville’s and his troop’s departure from Tahiti, Europeans brought over to their land was only chaos and confusion in return to their hospitality. They were certain that they would never barter their ignorance for the Europeans’ â€Å"useless† knowledge, as it would do them no good in their desire to remain grounded and maintain the basic necessities of life. To Tahitians, if a people has enough food to feed themselves, then they should not want for anything more, they gave utmost importance to their basic needs alone, all else were unimportant. They lived in order to be happy, and exerted effort only so slightly to provide their basic needs; in fact, they reduced work to the barest minimum, as much as possible, to enjoy more of life. However, the Chieftain of Tahiti was troubled by the Europeans as they brought with them customs and beliefs which inadvertently influenced his people to react differently regarding their traditional customs. In his mind, the European’s imaginary needs, that is, outside of their basic necessities, would only be cause for trouble to the simple Tahitians. Clearly, each side of the two widely different cultures offer insight to their principles by which we could see that they bear virtues and reason, albeit, different ones. These two cultures were as far from each other as could ever be, but they were similarly obedient in their ways and customs. It was worth noting, though, that the Europeans seemed to be more receptive of the culture of Tahiti, contrary to the Tahitians who were more set in their beliefs. Based on the discourse between the Chaplain and Orou, the Tahitian native, the Chaplain had expressed understanding and desire to learn the reasons behind the other person’s culture, he showed some degree of acceptance of the other’s culture, as well. On the other hand, Orou expressed utter disbelief to European culture and strongly expressed that he could not understand the reason for their beliefs and customs. Exclusivity vs. Freedom In the eyes of an ordinary person, living in a regular, ordinary modern world, the ways, customs, beliefs and practices of Tahitians may be regarded as â€Å"immoral† and â€Å"barbaric† to say the least. You read "An Essay on Tahitians and Europeans in the Voyage of Bougainville" in category "Essay examples" It is important to note that Tahitians did not regard the act of sexual activity with any form of malice. What to Europeans was a topic of utmost sensitivity and acts done in a supremely private environment was to Tahitians an act done in perfect freedom and absence of restraints. For young men and women of Tahiti, losing their virginity was a part of the rite of passage to adulthood, when they reached the right age of procreation, they were publicly celebrated in a ceremony that were open for all to see. This custom must have been an amazing shock to the â€Å"morals† of the European visitors. After all, such a practice was unheard of especially in a society where openly talking about sexual activities was a taboo, and the act itself was regarded with malice. A public display of such an act as was normal to Tahitians must, to a certain degree, offended the sensibilities of the Europeans whose sexual activities were always kept behind closed doors. According to the Tahitian Chieftain, due to this crooked â€Å"morals† and belief, the foreigners had inadvertently planted the shadows of malice into the heads of young men and women, regarding sex. After their arrival, young men and women have started to â€Å"blush† and became â€Å"uncomfortable† about the ceremony of â€Å"losing their â€Å"virginity,† and in so doing have tainted the once pure and innocent source of their happiness. Moreover, Tahitians’ unique custom and hospitality involved offering their women – daughters and mothers alike – to male visitors, where they could take their pick from those â€Å"offered† to them in the household. Refusal to accept this offer of generosity and hospitality† was a serious affront to the family, especially to the man of the house. The Europeans must have found this arrangement uncomfortable, strange, but nevertheless welcome, except for their Chaplain. Orou, who had taken in the Chaplain to his household as a guest for the duration of the Europeans’ visit, offered his wife as well as his three daughters to the visitor, much to his astonishment. He had never been this close to temptation, but he did his best to hold on to his beliefs. He repeatedly told them that he could not possibly take what he was being offered because of his religion and calling, to the disbelief and confusion of his host, Orou. He took it as an affront, not understanding the Chaplain’s religion and faith, and questioned him if he thought his (European) customs were better than theirs (Tahitian). However, the story did imply that the Chaplain succumbed to the â€Å"hospitality† of the household. In their conversation, Orou explained that in their land, the sexual act was without malice and was shared as a family, and learned that what Europeans term as incest and adultery were accepted as part of the customs. Moreover, sexual act was viewed as merely an end to procreate as compared to the European norm where the act as a form of pleasure and gratification, were as important as the purpose of procreation. And as such, the purpose of Orou’s offering his daughter to the Chaplain was to help bear a child. Tahitians regard sex mainly as a means to multiply or bear a child, for they equated riches with the number of brood they have in the household. Every new born was an addition to the household’s fortune and was therefore welcome. For Europeans, however, it was not uncommon to regard a child – although well loved – as an expense to the household rather than an additional fortune for they were considered as a source of expense for a long period of time before they could do service in return. Similarly in both cultures, the birth of a child was the occasion of domestic joy. As Europeans see the newborn with all its potential success in the future, Tahitians see in the child a farmer, a fisherman, a hunter, a soldier, a husband and the father. Childbearing was also a status symbol for women. Tahitian women of age who have not yet bore a child was often seen and treated as an inferior to those who already produced children. Therefore, it became the sole purpose of women of the right age, to bear children or procreate lest be considered as barren. Interestingly, while European culture view the union of man and woman as exclusive and the freedom to perform a sexual act commences after marriage, it was the complete opposite in Tahitian culture. For to them, the idea of a man and a woman belonging exclusively to each other for all of their lives was â€Å"opposed to nature and contrary to reason. They saw such exclusivity as going against the general law of existence and violated the freedom of men and women. It was senseless to confine pleasures to a single person, than to give them freedom to choose, for all things in their land belong to all of them. The Law of God vs. Law of Nature It might be safe to say that the root of the difference between the European and Tahitian cultures come mainly from their differences in beliefs and in the laws that they follow, and more importantly the source of those laws. To the Tahitians, the Law of Nature dictates their actions, customs, morals and beliefs. They do not go against what nature has allowed them to do and view it as the more logical and natural approach to life. Their beliefs dictated that Nature’s eternal will was to hold good over evil, and the public good is above the good for one individual. Orou learned from the Chaplain that although God forbids the sin of the flesh, He allowed them to do as they will, and viewed God as someone â€Å"who commands but is never obeyed; who can prevent but does not do so. He did not understand the concept of will power that God gave to human beings, which was fervently believed by the Europeans. Orou questioned the Chaplain furthermore, whether the young men and women in his country never sleep together without permission; and if a woman who has been sworn to belong only to her husband, never give herself to another man, and vice versa? The Chaplain answered with the truth, that yes, they indeed happen. To this, Orou concluded, that Europeans are a bunch of hypocrites for they had beliefs and laws which they did not obey. The beliefs of these two different cultures both held their own merits, although the Tahitians’ beliefs were outrageous from the viewpoint of a European, or modern day person, it did have plenty of logical reasons behind it. They have maintained an unmoving and firm stance on their belief on the laws of nature, and maintained that such simplicity and attachment to nature was the more logical choice of action. Contrary to their simple and spartan beliefs on the laws of nature, Europeans held three codes with high regard, these were: the natural code, the civil code, and the religious. It could be said that not everyone abides by these codes, but Europeans strongly believed in their necessity to maintain peace and happiness. Women of Tahiti vs. Women of Europe In general, as society progresses, so do its taste/preference, viewpoint, and thinking improves. Even historically, Europe has always been at the helm of progress and culture, its women of classic and undeniable beauty. Europeans, as in most part of the world, are of opinion that physical beauty is equitable to brilliant complexion, broad forehead, large eyes, refined and delicate features, a slender waist, a small mouth, small hands and feet. On the other hand, Tahiti had a different standard of beauty, especially in its women. A woman who held promise of a large family was sought after and pursued by men, usually active, intelligent, brave, healthy and robust. A Tahitian woman to her fellow native woman, â€Å"You are beautiful but your children are ugly. I am ugly, but my children are beautiful, and I am the one the men prefer. † This clearly illustrated their standard of beauty and attractiveness. To them, beauty was more of personal qualities, than physical attributes. Again, the quality of childbearing ability was manifested in how they were seen by their fellow natives. Contrary to European women, Tahitian women retain the freedom to choose who they would like to live with, in a household, even after she has had a husband. While European women, like men, were bound by the laws and strict customs, Tahitian women, like their men, were free to separate from their previous marriage without the bindings of the law and disapproval of the society. In situations when the woman had existing children with her previous â€Å"relationship† she simply takes along her children, as dowry, to her new chosen household. In situations when there were multiple children, the parents simply divide among them equally. In Tahiti, barren women are treated as outcasts, simply put it would be hard for these women to be accepted in the society, and thus, attain happiness. Due to the importance that they attribute to child bearing capacity, Tahitian women who lack in the most essential proof of womanhood, became stigmatized by their society. More so because of this, men were not supposed to have sexual activities with them as nothing would be produced by such an action. Barren women even had to wear a black veil at all times to warn the men that they were not worth pursuing. A woman who removed this veil and mingled with men was considered as a loose woman, and the man who raises the veil and had relations with a barren woman was a libertine. In progressive Europe, although barrenness would create a big personal impact on the woman and her husband, t would not be a cause to be stigmatized and labeled by the society. Such simplicity could never be accepted by European women for they held their family dear and would never, in most cases, think of leaving their children behind. It could be safely said, though, that both kinds of women took good care of their husbands. Physical attributes Similarly to the standards of beauty of women, Tahitian men held different views of physical superiority, but not much different from that of European men. It can be safely assumed that people who were not favoured by nature could not be fully happy in Tahiti, but such situation is similar to European society where the beautiful and powerful command greater respect and attention. Similarly to Europeans, Tahitians place high regard to health, beauty, strength, industry and courage as well. However, they believe that their people are more healthy and robust than their European counterparts. They knew not any plague or sickness for their land had always been healthy, save for the diseases that were spread by the Europeans themselves. Admittedly, Tahitians believed that the Europeans were the more intelligent people, but they were healthier and stronger, and only old age could plague them, not diseases. Conclusion Certainly, Tahitians were very different from that of Europeans in every respect. There was a great degree of disagreement between them as to what culture, practices, beliefs and customs were superior. The following summarizes the observations and regard of Tahitians on the ways, beliefs, practices and customs of the Europeans: By the tyranny of man, who has turned the possession of a woman into the right of property; By manners and customs, which have overweighed the conjugal union with conditions; By civil laws, which have subjected marriage to an infinity of formalities; and by the nature of our society, in which the difference of rank and fortune have introduced the proper and improper. † The Tahitian beliefs and customs are completely opposite to every point in the above observation. Indeed, in their land, women held as much freedom as that of men in term of choosing their partners, and the freedom to so choose with whom she would like to live with. Although to a certain extent, they seemed to be as much as properties whenever they were being offered to visitors as a form of hospitality, it should be noted that these women believe and enjoy this practice. Meanwhile, the Europeans were indeed bound and overweighed by the conditions of their unions or marriage, as opposed to the Tahitians who could separate and change partners as they please, and only subject to the agreement between both parties. As they were not tied by any legal bindings, their culture allowed them to do as they please. However, in fairness to the Europeans in regard to the conditions of conjugal union, they would not want it differently as these conditions and formalities protect their relationship and cement their status in the society, as married couple. Unfortunately, society had indeed created a division between the rich and the poor, the powerful and the powerless, the popular and the obscure and other opposites of the spectrum. Meanwhile, the Tahitians know not any division or segregation. Theirs is an example of a society that held equal regard for everyone, albeit, a â€Å"barbaric’ yet unpretentious society. How to cite An Essay on Tahitians and Europeans in the Voyage of Bougainville, Essays

Literature Review on Attention free essay sample

One of the most common of these used when researching change detection is the flicker paradigm. I shall be looking at several different research reviews highlighting the way in which the change blindness can be measured through change detection using the flicker paradigm, and how this can be associated with attention. Change blindness is one of the most researched paradigms of visual attention. Although it has only been within the last decade that psychologists have become increasingly more interested in this phenomenon, the first mentioning of change blindness can be traced as far back as the 1890’s. Although people were aware, most research or true understanding of its relevance to visual attention in psychology did not really begin until the 1980’s. Despite the lack of knowledge of its technical term, many of us are more aware of the ways we can detect change blindness than we think. While testing using the flicker test is a little different to the other more common ways it is presented to us, a similar idea is used even amongst children. I’m sure we can all recall the spot-the-difference puzzles, which usually compare two pictures, and a number of small things changed. When searching for the differences we are in fact using the same methods used in the flicker test for change blindness. In our everyday lives it is quite common to encounter this phenomenon. Caplovitz, Fendrich amp; Hughes give an ordinary example of when a person is rushing to work and cannot find their keys. (2008). Often they appear right in front of the person in an obvious place, yet due to the lack of attention on looking for them and being distracted by being late, they completely miss them. Psychologists believe there are a few reasons that this can occur. When changing the position a person views the object from, angles and focus can alter the way in which we perceive our surroundings. Another cause that is studied by psychologists is the eye movements demonstrating the visual processing taking place. When in a hurry, we may not be processing our view as we usually would when given the time. A similar cause would be a visual obstruction. Here the view may appear to be altered by something in the way even if only for a brief amount of time. However, in the case of this research, we can focus on how the lack of visual attention can cause us to overlook or simply not see what is right in front of us. Researchers can test for change blindness through a variety of different detection paradigms. The most common of these is the flicker paradigm. Rensink et al. developed a change detection experiment using this particular paradigm and explain it as â€Å"an original image A repeatedly alternates with a modified image A, with brief blank fields placed between successive images. (1997). When a change has been perceived by the viewer, they are asked to hit a key and name the change that has taken place in order to rule out any cheating. (Rensink et al. 1997). This is the same method used in many other change blindness researches. Change detection has also been used to investigate the ways in which people with atypical development such as autism have any particular attentional preferences. (Watson et al. 2012). Usually the images shown to the viewer are a real life scene or location where a change occurs. These changes are made so that they are neither too subtle nor too obvious to the participant. Changes in the images presented can include colour, location or the presence or absence of a particular object. (Watson et al. 2012). It is predicted that the participants would be able to pick up on the change that is taking place as visual transients generally capture attention. (Cavanaugh amp; Wurtz, 2004). It is largely thought that when viewing a display, focussed attention on a specific object is required in order to detect a change. Rensink et al. 1997). O’Regan, Deubel, Clark amp; Rensink highlight that internal representation of the visual field only contains the particular aspects that have been attended to in a scene. (2000). We can relate this back to the example used previously by Caplovitz, Fendrich amp; Hughes where we can only be reassured that our keys are not in one place by focussing our attention on that spot. Until then we are unsure of where exactly our keys mig ht be and cannot rule out the possibility that we left them on the sofa. This is due to the fact that when visually processing a particular scene, we make comparisons between what is visually available at the scene front of us, to information stored in our visual short term memory. (Caplovitz, Fendrich amp; Hughes, 2008). When we fail to allocate visual attention to a particular area we are preventing storage of the changing aspect of the scene in our visual short-term memory and therefore are unable to make any comparison. (Caplovitz, Fendrich amp; Hughes, 2008). This is how things can go unnoticed and to some extent, how change blindness can occur. We can see that from this in order to make claims about change blindness where focussed attention is lacking, we must understand that the two are largely interrelated. Although extensive research has taken place surrounding change blindness in the last ten years, there still remain several unanswered questions that psychologists aim to explain and understand. Studies conducted by Utochkin try to distinguish if there are in fact any differences between near and far locations of specific features in relation to spatial attention and if speed or accuracy is altered by these locations. 2011). It is hard to say if either of these have an effect as the results of his findings do not give any unambiguous answers. Other questions remain in relation to change blindness. It is still unknown to what extent its effects have on everyday behaviour or whether it greatly impairs performance on some tasks. However, it has been proven that it can impair performance when it comes to driving ability or on a more moral level, eyewitness accounts, which is now heavily relied on in court. This can be very influential on a criminal case and therefore may have serious consequences should change blindness come into play. So just what is it that makes people unable to make simple observations about the things around us? Even when they are right in front of us, we still struggle to acknowledge that they are there. How many times have you heard recounts of a car accident where the person at fault says, â€Å"I did not see them coming†. How many times can you recall leaving your phone somewhere and not being able to see it when its staring you in the face? How many times have you kicked yourself for something like this occurring when at the time it seemed like they were no where to be seen? It is simple, psychological research tells us that despite continuing image shifts, attention to specific features in a visual scene can be critical in ensuring stable perception. (Cavanaugh amp; Wurtz, 2004). We can overcome this phenomenon however, if the right amount of spatial attention is allocated to the changing features. The flicker paradigm has become a useful psychological tool in change detection. It allows us to rule out influences from other known causes to change blindness such as eye movements, visual saccades, or a change in location. It has been designed so that any changes detected can be directly associated with attention. By manipulating perceived images in participants, we are able to study the role of attention in relation to change blindness. Research has concluded that without due visual attention, observers are blind to change. (Rensink et al. 1997). Therefore we can infer that change blindness is a result of the absence of our focussed attention.

To What Extent Was Rome Responsible for the Punic Wars free essay sample

The responsibility for the Punic wars greatly shifts from one to the next as both Rome and Carthage were Superpowers in their own right and it was inevitable that there would be a collision and subsequent reaction from any action taken. This exhausting conflict was, according to Caven, a ‘contest in three rounds’ in which the Romans fought first for control of Sicily, then for the leadership of the western Mediterranean and finally to determine the survival or extinction of Carthage. By 270 Rome had conquered Italy and organised it into a confederation of Roman citizens and Latin and Italian allies. Polybius says that the Romans ‘Once having made themselves masters of Italy applied themselves to the conquest of countries further afield’ . This combined with the fact that the most populated parts of Italy were along the western side where the Dominant power was Carthage made it inevitable that Rome’s first contact in the Mediterranean would be with Carthage. We will write a custom essay sample on To What Extent Was Rome Responsible for the Punic Wars? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The first of these three wars stemmed from a minor incident involving the town of Messana on the northeast tip of Sicily and the powerful city of Syracuse in the southeast of the island. The rest of the island was under Carthaginian influence. Although Syracuse and Carthage were on reasonably good terms at this stage the Carthaginians did not want to see Messana fall into Syracusian hands. This prompted the mamertines to be pushed out of Messana and become concerned that the Carthaginians might occupy Messana permanently. And so it was decided to seek an alliance with Rome which seemed ‘To offer better long term security than Carthage’ Although the relationship between Carthage and Rome at this point was cordial they decided to ally themselves with the Mamertines making themselves solely responsible for joining into a wider conflict with the Carthaginians. The acceptance of the mamertines into the Roman alliance forced the Syracusans and Carthaginians to co-operate in order to prevent Messana falling into the hands of the Romans and threatening their interests in Sicily. As far as Rome and Carthage were concerned, the war could have ended at this point. The romans had shown that they were prepared to protect the Mamertines, and Carthage had no reason to destroy them. The first Punic war was the classic example of an incident that got out of hand The first Punic War left Carthage greatly weakened. Rome now occupied Sicily, while the Mercenary War left Carthage vulnerable in Africa as well. The Carthaginian response was to send Hamilcar Barca, their undefeated general from Sicily, to Spain (c. 238-7 BC), where he was to greatly revive Carthages fortunes. In 266 Carthage signed a treaty with Rome agreeing not to interfere with matters north of the River Ebro. This agreement didnt cause any problems to either side at this point as Carthages Spanish lines were much further south, while Rome was not involved in Spain at all at this point. This implies that Rome felt she had the right to intervene in Carthages affairs even at a distance, something that was bound to annoy the Carthaginians. Hasdrubal was replaced in command in Spain the son of Hamilcar, who was elected by the army in Spain. Everything suggests that he was intent on war with Rome from the moment he came to power, a trait he inherited from his father’s complete hatred of all Romans (considered by Polybius to be one of the main causes of the second war). May historians have alluded to the possibility that Hannibals campaigns in Spain in 221 â€Å"can be seen as an attempt to capture more fertile lands to feed his army for an invasion of Italy† When the chance came to make the break with Rome, Hannibal seized it. By 220 the city of Saguntum, a long way south of the Ebro River, had allied with Rome. When a tribe allied to Carthage started to raid Saguntums territory, Hannibal sided with the allied tribe, and despite a direct warning from the Romans not to, he attacked Saguntum. This blatant act of hostility towards Rome through the breaking of agreed lands in the Ebro River treaty places the responsibility of the 2nd Punic war firmly with Carthage and more specifically Hannibal. By the time the Second Punic War had ended, Carthage was a mere shadow of its former power. However, Hannibal proved to be as good a chief magistrate as he was as a general, and soon Carthage recovered. However, Messinia, governor of Numidia and a strong ally of the Romans, was able to pick at Carthage until Carthage attacked Numidia in 150 BC, breaking the treaty that ended the Second War. The underlying cause of the third Punic war was the determination of Rome to dispose of the threat once and for all, which it perceived from Carthage, against which it had already won two wars. However, the official cause was violation of the peace treaty from the Second Punic War which made the Roman Senate, arbitrator of all border disputes involving Carthage, so that Carthage had to get approval from the Roman Senate before going to war. Rome then used its ally Numidia as proxy to harass Carthage, which eventually had to defend itself. This gave Rome a valid excuse to declare war and destroy Carthage, establishing Rome as undisputed power in the western Mediterranean. Rome declared open war on Carthage in 149 BC, and an army landed in Africa after a long blockade. Carthage surrendered, as they could not take the onslaught of Roman might. The Roman terms were bitterly opposed by Carthage, as they called for the physical destruction of the city. This was in no small part due to the constant calls of Cato the Elder, who ended each speech he made in the Senate with Carthago delenda est! (Carthage must be destroyed). Carthage managed to withstand a siege for 3 years before yielding and the city was destroyed. Rome emerged from this war utterly transformed. Prior to the war, Roman territory had been limited to Italy. After the war Rome had gained Spain, secured control over the Mediterranean islands, and seen her first direct involvement in Greece. The years immediately after the war also saw Rome gain control over large areas of Greece previously closer to Carthage rule.

An Overview of Christallers Central Place Theory

An Overview of Christallers Central Place Theory Central place theory is a spatial theory in urban geography that attempts to explain the reasons behind the distribution patterns, size, and a number of cities and towns around the world. It also attempts to provide a framework by which those areas can be studied both for historical reasons and for the locational patterns of areas today. Origin of the Theory The theory was first developed by the German geographer  Walter Christaller  in 1933 after he began to recognize the economic relationships between cities and their hinterlands (areas farther away). He mainly tested the theory in southern Germany and came to the conclusion that people gather together in cities to share goods and ideas and that communities- or central places- exist for purely economic reasons. Before testing his theory, however, Christaller had to first define the central place. In keeping with his economic focus, he decided that the central place exists primarily to provide goods and services to its surrounding population. The city is, in essence, a distribution center. Christallers Assumptions To focus on the economic aspects of his theory, Christaller had to create a set of assumptions. He decided that the countryside in the areas he was studying would be flat, so no barriers would exist to impede peoples movement across it. In addition, two assumptions were made about human behavior: Humans will always purchase goods from the closest place that offers them.Whenever the demand for a certain good is high, it will be offered in close proximity to the population. When demand drops, so too does the availability of the good. In addition, the threshold is an important concept in Christallers study. This is the minimum number of people needed for a central place business or activity to remain active and prosperous. This led to Christallers idea of low- and high-order goods. Low-order goods are things that are replenished frequently such as food and other routine household items. Since people buy these items regularly, small businesses in small towns can survive because people will buy frequently at closer locations instead of going into the city. High-order goods, by contrast, are specialized items such as automobiles, furniture, fine jewelry, and household appliances that people buy less often. Because they require a large threshold and people do not purchase them regularly, many businesses selling these items cannot survive in areas where the population is small. Therefore, these businesses often locate in big cities that can serve a large population in the surrounding hinterland. Size and Spacing Within the central place system, there are five sizes of communities:   HamletVillageTownCityRegional capital A hamlet is the smallest place, a rural community that is too small to be considered a village. Cape Dorset (population 1,200), located in Canadas Nunavut Territory is an example of a hamlet. Examples of regional capitals- which are not necessarily political capitals- would include Paris or Los Angeles. These cities provide the highest order of goods possible and serve a huge hinterland. Geometry and Ordering The central place is located at the vertexes (points) of equilateral triangles. Central places serve the evenly distributed consumers who are closest to the central place. As the vertexes connect, they form a series of hexagons- the traditional shape of many central place models. The hexagon is ideal because it allows the triangles formed by the central place vertexes to connect, and it represents the assumption that consumers will visit the closest place offering the goods they need. In addition, central place theory has three orders or principles. The first is the marketing principle and is shown as K3 (where K is a constant). In this system, market areas at a certain level of the central place hierarchy are three times larger than the next lowest one. The different levels then follow a progression of threes, meaning that as you move through the order of places, the number of the next level increases threefold. For example, when there are two cities, there would be six towns, 18 villages, and 54 hamlets. There is also the transportation principle (K4) where areas in the central place hierarchy are four times bigger than the area in the next lowest order. Finally, the administrative principle (K7) is the last system where the variation between the lowest and highest orders increase by a factor of seven. Here, the highest order trade area completely covers that of the lowest order, meaning that the market serves a larger area. Losch’s Central Place Theory In 1954, German economist August Losch modified Christallers central place theory because he believed it was too rigid. He thought that Christallers model led to patterns where the distribution of goods and the accumulation of profits were based entirely on location. He instead focused on maximizing consumer welfare and creating an ideal consumer landscape where the need to travel for any good was minimized, and profits remained relatively equal, regardless of the location where goods are sold. Central Place Theory Today Though Loschs central place theory looks at the ideal environment for the consumer, both his and Christallers ideas are essential to studying the location of retail in urban areas today. Often, small hamlets in rural areas do act as the central place for various small settlements because they are where people travel to buy their everyday goods. However, when they need to buy higher-value goods such as cars and computers, consumers who live in hamlets or villages have to travel into the larger town or city, which serves not only their small settlement but those around them as well. This model is shown all over the world, from rural areas of England to the U.S. Midwest or Alaska with the many small communities that are served by larger towns, cities, and regional capitals.

How to Become a Physical Therapist

How to Become a Physical Therapist after an illness, accident, or surgery, physical therapists are the healthcare professionals who help patients (literally!) get back on their feet. they serve an essential role in recovery and ongoing care. here is some information on how to become a physical therapist as well as additional information you need to know. the day-to-dayphysical therapists (or pts) work with patients or clients to help restore/improve mobility, develop fitness, relieve pain, and come up with short- and long-term exercise plans.their duties may include:working with doctors and other healthcare professionalsreviewing patient historiestesting strength, range of motion, balance, coordination, posture, muscle performance, respiration, and motor functiondiagnose physical problemsdevelop a care plan that incorporates physical exercisesevaluate patients over a period of timedetermine when patients can return to normal routinespts typically work a standard 40-hour week, but that can include evenings and weekends , depending on the setting. physical therapists can be found in many different healthcare settings, including hospitals, private clinics, schools, sports and fitness facilities, nursing homes, and health agencies.also, physical therapists should be in decent shape themselves- this is a role that requires physically demanding activities like stooping, sitting, standing for long periods of time, and lifting equipment (or even patients, if the need arises).for more on what it’s like to be a physical therapist, check out the following video.physical therapist: a day in the lifehttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4ykelsxlreuyou can also read testimonials from physical therapists about why they went into the field, via the american physical therapy association’s â€Å"defining moment† column.the requirementsin addition to completing an accredited physical therapy program (typically four years), candidates need to pass a national exam and meet their state’s licensin g requirements. for more information on the exam and the pt licensing process in general, visit the federation of state boards of physical therapy.the paythe median salary for physical therapists is $82,390 per year, or $39.61 per hour, per the u.s. bureau of labor statistics.  the outlookpossibly fueled by the aging baby boomer population, the need for physical therapists is expected to surge by an amazing 34% by 2024. physical therapy was also ranked as one of the â€Å"top 10 happiest jobs† by forbes.interested? apply here

Table for OneOn Eating Alone Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Table for OneOn Eating Alone - Essay Example The Americans apparently got bored of the practice of eating alone and they devised a plan that required everyone to pay their own bill whereas, the group can have a meal together and in this way, the requirement of socialization is fulfilled without overburdening anyone. The practice of joint meals with disjointed payments got popular in all parts of the world because it allows individuals to enjoy the socialization. According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, humans have profound and notable urge to socialize (Kingkade, 1). The modern psychology is of the view that people need to cool off in a friendly setting (Trobst, 51). The professionals remain under quite a bit of pressure and they require sharing their problems with others and the ideal place to do that is an eating table. In quite a few cases, the dining table is a place where each one of the family member can share his or her entire day’s story. In the light of presented argument, the dining table can be taken as a place where participants can share their problems and express their emotions in a friendly environment. The practice of eating together offers the opportunity to discuss great ideas and plans as it offers humans the chance to relax. The creativity comes to a relaxed mind and therefore, many great ideas had been famous for being put together on a dining table. Secondly, the featured events offer the people to exercise out of the box thinking. The routinely office environment locks one’s mind and therefore, he or she becomes slave to the already known and established ways of doing things. The great Steve Jobs made his friend Steve Wozniak to work on difficult engineering projects by offering him something to eat. The quoted instance is the evidence of dietary bribery’s effectiveness in terms of stimulating human creativity. Conclusively, it can be argued that eating together gives people an opportunity to socialize with each other. The dining table can be a perfect avenue

Pearson Education Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Pearson Education - Case Study Example When the SWOT related perspectives of the company are posited against the STEEPLE - social, technological, economic, environmental, political, legal and ethical - framework of analysis at a macro-environmental level the picture that emerges of the company is essentially a multifaceted business proposition of the current decade (Kallis, Alier & Norgaard, 2009). Pearson Education's SWOT - strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats - environment is characterized by a highly competitive external environment of fewer opportunities and more threats as against a highly volatile internal environment of more strengths and equally more weaknesses, the latter arising from competition related phenomena (Clark & Phillips, 2008). Its cultural diversity, organizational culture, supply chain management, employee motivation strategies, modern Human Resource Management (HRM) practices, management structure and style, have contributed in large measure towards this success though as many critics have pointed out the company needs a well defined directional thrust in the current economic and financial turbulence. Articulate business strategy of the company has been responsible for its present achievements in organizational cum corporate objectives though the very direction of the strategy needs a still greater focus on the long term goals rather than the immediate goals (Finlay, 2000). AnalysisPearson Education, proper, as distinct from the Pearson Group is involved in education related activities. These activities can be divided into three broader segments - publishing academic books, publishing non-academic books and education technology related work. Its current operations involving an expansive global network are focused on the North American and European markets (Piercy, 2002). The very strategic perspectives on which the company has evolved have been responsible for its current business strategy. There is a very strong premise on which the company top management has sought to define its growth trajectory. The learning outcomes of this paper would delineate the related aspects of this strategic approach of the company with added emphasis on corporate goals (Mullins, 2005). Changing business strategy of Pearson Education in particular and Pearson Group in general has been responsible for the present revolutionary shift in focus at the company. The underlying principle of this change in business strategy is the successive creation of M&A related synergies through a series of high profile acquisitions and mergers in the recent past (Clarke & Hermens, 2001). This aspect of Pearson Education's organizational behavior requires greater attention because the company has been able to posit itself against competitors with remarkable success due to the positive outcomes related to M&A. The causative elements of this strategic orientation of the company need to be looked at from two different angles. In the first place, Pearson Education is aware of the growing threat of the fast changing technological environment that favors those rivals with technology-based resources. Secondly its own resource base has been expanding at a much faster rate both in diversity and complexity (Davenport, 1994). The latter element includes even

Racism among Human Interactions Essay Example for Free

Racism among Human Interactions Essay This essay will shortly focus on cultural diversity as the basis behind racial discrimination; its impact and effects on my community. It is important before in-depth digging on this assignment to consider the subject of racism as first, a belief that radiates passion, capable of igniting different forms of action ranging from discrimination, bulling, oppression, wrong prejudice, violence among others. Racism in accordance to Oxford dictionary is an ideology that holds that a particular racial stratum is characterized with generic abilities or capabilities that is different from other cultural caucus. This specific characteristic is to other culture considered inferior or superior in its whole essence. Some other definitions for racism do hold fast that race is the fundamental identification of human inherent traits (Smedley Brain 2005). The abilities thereof are a measure of racial dissimilarities that produce visible effect in assuming superiority to other racial groups (Merriam, n. d. ). In another author’s definition for racism, there is a pronouncement that human races possess distinct trait that predetermine their cultural orientation. The orientation thus follows that one’s race is superior and has a predetermined authority to lord control over other races (Macquarie). Legal description of the term racial discrimination according to the submit of U. N. Convention on Racial Discrimination Elimination in March 1966, â€Å"it shall be any form of separation, exclusion, refrain, or preference based on racial origin in terms of color, descendant, nationality, ethnic group which result in impairing or infringing an equality in recognition, exercise of fundamental human right to freedom in affairs such as political platform, socioeconomic, cultural or any other diasporas in life. † British law describes racism as a concept implying the definition as a particular society in terms of their â€Å"nationality, color, ethnic, race or citizenship. A sociologist, David Wellman in 1993 thus defined racism as a cultural convention that defends Whites’ superiority owing to the incapacitated position of the derelict minorities. Feagin, a former president of American Sociological Association, submits recently in a â€Å"theory of racial oppression† in the U. S. , that the White Americans intentionally create and circulate a system of racial discrimination that has presently uncontrollable eaten deep the bone of their society. Major institutions are built on racial segregations in a non accidental manner but direct arrangement. Feagin recognizes that the operating racial system over decades have taken some forms of change, contending that there has been a significant reproduce of elemental seed of racism. The seed is a reflection of the present day’s â€Å"racial hierarchical institutions as far back as seventeenth century. The present day racial witnesses should be fast traced beyond the peripheral but seen as a rather infiltrating, and interconnected phenomenon that cut cross diverse social groups and establishments among the society. Feagin’s view is in contrast to the assumption that racism is more of an attitude or a kind of irrational bigotry that is independent of social organization. This assumption is supported by the psychologist. Human Racism within Neighborhood in my community It is a sad experience to stay in a habitation among the people of unlike minds who do not for any reason believe that men are born equal, be it white or black, Negro or others. It is rather more saddened that there is a constant atmosphere of insecurity to live among people whose signals of dealings with them constantly radiate hatred and disregard of high caliber. Where else does one needs to find rest if not home among neighborhoods? But the neighborhoods are soaked in an aura of perpetual dislike for color, for nationality and for genealogy order than the White they are. This is exemplified in a scenario when there was a call for a meeting to decide the fate of security our community one weekend. The leader do not border inviting a particular black and therefore, erroneously perceiving his opinion may not count but would rather give a second to the best of taught. And even peradventure, should he surpass every expectation; the White race would feel embarrassed and inferior. The leader presumes this may generate a violent attack and it would be in the interest of the community to live out his contribution as black. This is grossly unfair to humanity and the entire race of mankind. I doubt if the lower animals base their condemnation (if only it exists at all) on racism, how come we claim to be a better one called homo sapiens – I hope scientists will re-evaluate man as a social been. Human racism within Service groups and workplace in my community Service groups majorly constitute the White Americans. The cultural diversity is part and par sues of everyday dealings. It all began from the employment process. The communities around me often times neglect high level of hospitality to Black workers and extend apathy even in recruitment process. One researcher named, Dean Karlan with Marianne once found among a study conducted in 2003, that the extent of racial discrimination among people in workplaces is demoralizing. They discovered that people whose names where trace to black genealogy were more than fifty percent likely not to be shortlisted for the second phase of interview when they apply for a similar job with the Whites. This result is one out of the numerous societal biases forming a giant procedural method in application for job where cultural diversity triumph. I supposed securing job should rather be of intellectual competence and acumen instead of racial introduction that may corrupt the seed of greatness towards achieving the employing institution’s mission statement and its objectives. Despite the fact that blacks in this community can barely afford a day hospital bill without insurance, they are mostly faced with the major health hazard at workplace without a corresponding compensation to make up for the risk of life involved. This could be traced down to the aged fought battle on black slavery. The white society would rather hide under the canopy of existing racial system and enslave fellow mankind. I wonder where the world is heading to at this age long civilization era. If I could be opportune to effect any change in my community, I will gladly revisit this aspect of racial diversity and treat all men equally at workplace. The means of livelihood is a sensitive part of one’s live. That should not be negotiated for any racial operating system in a society with diverse culture. It should be left undiluted as this would be an eventual benefit to the company if nothing but just excellence is the sole key for employment. The disparity in the salary scale I would balance once an individual can prove his or her worth irrespective of the cultural diversity. Human racism within clubs, local governments, and schools The extension of induction to the minority black in my community for a cooperative cohabitation in a club is not a known issue but a taboo. Blacks rather form one in their own minority shell. Members of the club benefit in no small ways. They are treated equal and one among themselves. This makes it possible for numerous assistances members’ enjoy at either on an occasion or whenever there arise the need to give moral or/and financial support. The unity covers the shame of fellow individuals in the club. An applicant into the club of different race suffers these whole benefits even though he lives within this people. The psychological trauma is enough to initiate mental disturbance, mania, depression and bipolar syndrome (some psychiatric diseases) owing to a huge sense of delineation and alien among fellow human being. The presence of cultural diversity among schools at all levels of studies is certain. Students from different homes prefer one school to the others. Privilege to attend is denied by the prevailing racial discrimination. The racial prejudice begins when some school authorities reject applications from people of a particular nationality. At times, the low socioeconomic income of a racialized group of people dictates where to send their children for schooling and not a direct rejection. All tends to same racism resulting from cultural diversity. Other form of racism within exists among the students themselves. We have heard cases where a student arose on a red morning and began to shoot sporadically into the air. Over thirty six casualties were recorded. This man was a black who felt injured by cumulative experience of racial discrimination. Conclusion The people in leadership position often times play a lip service to this very sensitive issue of unfair racial human interactions as a result of cultural diversity. Concerning leaders in my community, we do quite share the same believe that one must be very careful in an attempt to resolve the ideas of inequality birthed from cultural diversity. One example is the record of black massacre in South Africa. The killing in this region in a part is due to an overwhelming dominance of Black Africans playing key roles in the economy of the country. I do disagree that there is no way to resolve it permanently. Military enforcement in a way may assist in ensuring adherence to laws pertaining to racial discrimination among societies with diverse culture. There should be gradual introduction of minority interest for the sake of balancing the democracy we practice though with caution to avoid undue attention and popularity. Government installation should be enforced by the legislature to base campaign in a way to effect eradication of racism in communities. When men of icon in the society openly campaign for racial equality, their loyal supporters would reason with them and change. The impact of media is one of the most essential tools in correcting the society for racial discrimination. Some media publicize the goods of the white and the ugly of the black. Media staff should try playing neutrality and conducting themselves in a professional manner, sharing my idea to contribute in eradicating the obnoxious outcomes resulting from cultural diversity. References Feagin, Joe R. (2006). Systemic Racism: A Theory of Oppression. NY: Routledge. Feagin, Joe R. (2000). Racist America: Roots, Current Realities, and Future Reparations. NY: Routledge. Allen, Theodore. (1994). The Invention of White Race†. Volume 1, London, UK. Smedley and Brian D. (2005) Race as Biology if Fiction, Racism as a Social Problem is Real. American Psychologist 60: 16-30. Cazenave, Noel A. and Darlene Alvarez Maddern. 1999. â€Å"Defending the White Race: White Male Faculty Opposition to a White Racism Course. † Race and Society. http://www. rohan. sdsu. edu/%7Ergison/againstracism. htm. Retrieved on June 14, 2008.

The Minutes Pass :: Personal Narrative, Autobiographical Essay

The Minutes Pass I sit at a round desk for eight hours eight bucks an hour and doodle. The phone rings once or twice every few hours (if I’m lucky, that is) and the population of people over 50 seems to rise by the minute. I sit with my legs crossed, sandal-less, wearing â€Å"work† shoes and my â€Å"work† smile. I enjoy the company I find myself in, even if it is a good book and a nice thought of myself at the beach. So I play tunes in my head, sing songs of glory under my breath, even snack on crackers when my stomach grumbles. Right now I’ve got â€Å"Riders on the Storm† playing along in my head Riders on the storm riders on the storm Into this world we’re born into this world we’re throw It’s kinda funny, seeing as how among the massive song files the Doors have recorded, I usually find this one to tickle my fancy the least, though always hear it up on the radio, overplayed in time. I mean don’t get me wrong - great song, better than most - but as far as the Doors go, I find the song rather mundane. It has become accepted by the public, merely because it’s too far out of grasp for ordinary people to actually determine its true and logical meaning. Of course, they’re all oblivious to this. Only true Americans, and maybe some Europeans, can come to some sort of conclusion within themselves about the truth in things of small importance. Europeans I say, because they live within their culture, see the past and their history. Most Americans on the other hand, live in the present, see only BIG and eat at McDonald’s. I say â€Å"Americans† because we’re the home of the free, the home of the brave, all that good stuff. Every other country looks up to us for one reason or another – we are the Mother country. Only it takes a true American to actually comment on the facts that really come into play while living in an unmistakable society. I mean kids are still hungry, households are disrupted, yet there’s a working world out there for us all. Jobs should be out there, and I think they may be.

ALPES case anlysis Essay

CONTENT Part One 1. Key Issue Charles Rivers Laboratories (CRL) is evaluating a joint venture proposal that a Mexican company creates a state-of-the-art specific pathogen-free (SPF) egg for the vaccine. If the proposal is approved, CRL is going to invest 2 million dollars to the Mexican company. However, CRL must consider the potential risks of cooperation. Part Two 2.Internal Analysis: VRINE ANALYSIS 2.1VALUE Charles River Laboratories has a large variety of customers more than 15 countries, which means CRL is already capable to expand overseas market. The demand of SPF eggs is very high due to making flu vaccine. More than 100 million SPF eggs were consumed for influenza vaccines each year. The demand even exceeds its supply between 5 to 10 percent worldwide. Accordingly, the operation margin will be improved around 20 percent and revenue will be doubled in four years. Therefore, joint venture is valuable. 2.2RARITY The rarity of normal eggs switching to SPF eggs is relatively high. First, Charles River Laboratories is still using standard eggs to produce influenza vaccines. Many franchisees haven’t totally changed to cultivate SPF eggs. They still use old chicken farm, This goes to show that the traditional eggs haven’t been replaced and new eggs are rare. Second, most companies don’t intend to take an adventure to try new products due to political instability and corruption. However, SPAFAS took long time to do sufficient research on APLES. It means the rarity exists because not many companies decide take advantage of new eggs. 2.3Inimitable & Non-Substitutability The degree of inimitable and Non-Substitutability is medium. Even though not many companies start to produce vaccine by SPF eggs, there are still some like APLES working on it. Therefore, technology might be imitated by several companies to some extent. As far as APLES, it is the only company producing SPF eggs in Mexico. The popularity and loyal customers are strong so substitutes are hard to enter. However, other companies can still use the current standard eggs to make vaccine instead of higher price SPF eggs. 2.4Exploitability The degree of joint venture exploitability is high. According to high demand and double revenue prediction in the case, cooperation of CRL and ALPES could increase production of SPF eggs and highly benefit from sales to both of them. 3.External Analysis: PESTEL ANALYSISA The most highly used method when conduct the external analysis of a company is PESTEL Analysis, which includes political, economic, sociocultural, technological, environmental and legal aspects. 3.1Political Analysis Politically, in 1994, The North American free trade agreement came into effect, which allowed the free trade between USA, Canada, and Mexico. This political alliance benefited the economic development. The flow of capital, goods and services became more smooth and swift among these three countries. Due to the concerns from strong competition some business quit. Whereas, increased demand of vaccine production from U.S. and Canada led to the increased supply in Mexico. 3.2Economic Analysis Economically, as the case implied, demand for specific pathogen-free (SPF) eggs had exceeded available supply by five to ten percent across the globe. Furthermore, after the M&A, SPAFAS more than doubled its annual revenues while improving its operating margin to nearly 20%. To support the growth, CRL continuously invested capital in expanding domestic SPF egg production capacity. Alpes is the sole supplier in Mexico, which makes it more instrumentally beneficial from the production. Yet, problems such as endemic corruption, economic instability and unstable currency hinder the development of business in Mexico. 3.3Socialcultural Analysis Social and culturally, without being vaccinated against Salmonella and Campylobacter, poultry are easily got contaminated which excreted severe human health risk to people who were fed with these. Frankly, the recognition from the public of importance of vaccination would benefit the business like CRL and ALPES in the long run. Additionally, the bond the friendly relationship between the two family-style director boards has been combined successfully. 3.4Technical Analysis Technologically, having been founded in 1947, CRL was the global market leader in the commercial production and supply of laboratory animal models for use in discovery and research and the development and testing of new pharmaceuticals. CRL has taken the leadership position in SPF eggs production after the acquisition of SPAFAS. Additionally, Alpes was the only franchisee in Mexico. Given that production capacity is less than needed and highly sanitary standards are expected to be met, challenge still exist. 3.5Environment Analysis Environmentally, the old informal â€Å"handshake agreement† can be still influential when joint venture is functioned. And then, the market needs more production which means demand is more than current storage supply. The business opportunity is huge ever. Board directors are divided into two piles, one is supportive of the proposal and another is more objective to this business move. The freezing situation stands between Alpes and CRL: Alpes is in urgent need of capital investment, while CRL claims the acquisition. 3.6Legal Analysis Legally, Asian and European vaccine regulations are getting more and more strict and high-quality standard and tend to be more preferable to the vaccine industry. It is quite a challenging move prior to export products to theses countries. 4.Porter’s 5 Forces – Industry Analysis: 4.1Rivalry While Alpes supply eggs to the tow biggest buyers in the industry, there are  just two providers of the SPE eggs beside them. Furthermore, IDISA has a chance to make capital and compete in different area in the industry due to the 4 different companies that make profit in different research areas. As a result rivalry degree is comparatively (low). 4.2 Threat of Substitutes ALPES has the largest market comparing by other competitors in the same field. Actually, mice are the only threat they use, but this threat is has not too much influence and not strongly effective. Also, because of the expensive if this area buyers try to find another options. So, substitutes within the industry are (low). 4.3 Threat of New Entrants The threat of substitutes degree is from (medium to low) because of the difficulty of success they face due to the specialized in pharmaceuticals. But expertise in this area can find some of the facilities in less expensive areas easily. Furthermore, it is hard to the new entrant getting into industry because that needs a very high level requirement. SPF has a small market share in pharmaceutical and the lack of facilities prevent agriculture company supporting. ALPES has large market share because it is a provider to the two largest producer of vaccine. 4.4 Bargaining Power of Buyers: Power of buyers is low. Supplier of eggs has option to increase the prices due to the highly demands one of this demand is the tow biggest companies ALPES made further research into SPF eggs, which is between 5 and 10 percent. And this increasing in prices justified that the revenue in the first four years was almost doubled. 4.5 Bargaining Power of Suppliers There is little agriculture company that provides SPE eggs by facilities with high prices that’s why the power of suppliers is (high). Moreover, its hard to make high quality of good under the industries regulation and it is highly cost and expensive. Part Three 5.FINANCIAL ANALYSIS Ratio Analysis Indicators Year1 Debt-to-Equity 0.128 Current Ratio 8.903 Quick Ratio 7.901 From the table above, we can see that the Debt-to-equity ratio is very low. It shows that ALPES has a potential to use more debt to earn revenue. However, the current ratio and Quick ratio are quite high. A current ratio that higher than 1 means the company is able to pay off its obligations, as this ratio is 8.903, we are sure ALPES is in a very good condition. Much similar to Current ratio, if a Quick ratio is higher than 1, then the company is able to meet their short-term liabilities. As this ratio is 7.901, we can say ALPES has no doubt to meet its obligations. Forecast after joint venture Indicators Year1 Year2 Year3 Year4 Year5 Profit Margin 2.757% 15.802% 19.005% 21.110% 22.752% Gross Margin 18.867% 27.401% 29.270% 30.520% 31.489% Operating Margin 2.899% 15.914% 19.104% 21.200% 22.836% We can see from the chart above that, after joint venture, all of the profit margin, gross margin and operating margin will have an increase trend between year1 and year 5.The net profit margin indicates how much out of each dollar of sales a company actually earns. In year 5, the company will keep $0.23 in earnings for every dollar of sales. The gross margin represents the proportion of each dollar of revenue that the company retains as gross profit. In year 5 the gross margin will be 31.49%, therefore the company may retain $0.32 from each dollar of revenue generated to pay off liabilities. Operating margin gives us a view of how much a company’s operation can make on each dollar of sales. The company’s margin is increasing so it is earning more per dollar of sales. In year 5 the operating margin is 22.84%, this means that the company’s operation makes $0.23 for every dollar of sales. 6.Decision Criteria Decision making by CRL whether invest up to $2 million in ALPES to built a joint venture in Mexican has to consider tow criteria: expected profit and facing risk. 7.Alternatives 7.1Alternative 1 The joint venture with ALPES is a good option for Charles River Laboratories. CRL invest up to $2 million to APLPES joint venture to create a state-of-the-art specific pathogen-free (SPF) egg farm in Mexican. Mexico’s  trade policy implements the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) so it is open and welcome to foreign investment. Pros: Joint venture can overcome entry barriers in a foreign market Save transaction costs Provide new expertise and share resources, including specialized staff and technology Risks sharing with a venture partner Cons: Invest $2 million is not a small name. Investment itself is a kind of risk. It takes time to build partnership with foreign business. ALPES is a small family company. The different between U.S. and Mexico in culture and management style is a problem. Mexico currency is unstable and Mexico is an uncertain market. 7.2Alternative2 The following chart is the pros and cons of alterative two which is reject the proposal and no joint venture. As for this alternative, the pros can be illustrated in 3 aspects: CRL does have to invest extra 2 million capital into this project and avoid the loss and risk this performance may bring about. Cons can be elaborate in 3 aspects as well: if CRL declines to invest this joint venture, meaning giving up this opportunity and even worse leaves it to rivals and in a long run, maybe will jeopardize the benefit of the organization as a whole. Pros Cons No invest risk Discard opportunity to develop Spare 2 million capital Create a chance for competitors Avoid loss Less benefit for CRL in long run 8.Recommendations Growth about 12% and 15% annually and entire business by 20% is the strategic objective of Charles River Laboratories. Joint Venture can increase the sale, which helps CRL get this goal. Join a new market is a risk, but after  visit members of Romero family. It can be seen that this family has knowledge, government influence, and trust. ALPES believes that this corporation should be successes. Invest in Mexico presents opportunities as well as challenges. But Mexico’s trade barriers have reduced by the implementation of the North American Free Trade Agreement. The business environment should be friendly. 9.Implementation Firstly, visit Mexico to get more information about ALPES and Romeros’ family. Both the CEO and the board of directors believe that this project could be trusted and this joint venture would serve profit. Secondly, this joint venture company is 50%-50% equity share. The profits also go halves SPAFAS would invest $2 million cash and ALPES would contribute their knowledge-existing SPF and commercial egg assets to the joint venture company. Thirdly, the direction of the investment: $1.5 million should be used to increase the SPF egg production capacity of the joint venture. $250,000 would be used to establish a pre-incubation facility; the left $250,000 would be used for ALPES to do some activity to build good social image and complete the services. 10.Contingency Plan Charles River Laboratories (CRL) has to prepare a contingency plan for the certain events may interrupt normal business operations. CRL has to build a team to follow up operation of this joint venture to make sure the profit from $2 million investment.

Effect of Boko Haream in Nigera Econs

To say that the deadly activities of the Islamic sect, Boko Haram, are killing the economy of the North is an understatement. In most states in the North, the devastating socio-economic effects of the sect’s serial killings and bombings, especially in Borno, Yobe, Niger, Kaduna, Kano, Plateau (which is more of ethno-religious conflict), Kogi, Bauchi and recently ,Sokoto, has destroyed economic and commercial activities with many people relocating to other places. In Maiduguri, Borno State, where the sect originated, the frequent bombings and clashes between Boko Haram and security agents have weighed down seriously on ommercial and businesses activities in the city as many business have reportedly crumbled while many people have fled the state. The Maiduguri Monday Market said to be the biggest market in the city is reported to have been seriously affected as hundreds of shop owners, especially Southerners are said to have closed their businesses and left the troubled city. Ab out half of the 10, 000 shops and stalls in the market were said to have been abandoned by traders who have fled the city. Banks and their customers are also said to be operating under difficult situation and have reduced their business hours to guard gainst being attacked by members of the sect. According to the Borno State Commissioner of Information, Mr. Inuwa Bwala, it will take the state 20 years to recover from the current predicament it has found itself. Bwala, in a telephone interview with THISDAY said the security situation has taken its toll on the economy of the state as many people have fled. According to the commissioner, â€Å"it is only natural that when you have such a situation as we have now, it will affect the economic fortunes, especially where people go out to do business under the atmosphere of fear. So there is no doubt that the crisis has aken its toll on our resources, on our business and on our economy. It will take us a very long time, not less than 20 ye ars to recover and get to the position we were before the crisis started. â€Å"It is our prayers that those who were scared away from Borno State out of fear, those who closed shops out of fear, those who fled in the height of the crisis and the general apathy among business men to invest in Borno State, should do a rethink and come back because the atmosphere is peaceful now. â€Å"Local businesses are beginning to pick up; we are in the process of recovering. The state government has intervened in various usiness sectors, especially the revival of our industries, alleviation of poverty, granting of business loans, development of business and technical skills and so many other programmes that the government has initiated for us to bring back the state on to stream and let people imbibe the spirit of self-sustenance, let them imbibe the spirit of thriving even in the face of challenges. So it is our prayers that we will recover soonest. â€Å"We are optimistic that Borno will be back on its feet as the economic ‘Heart Beat’ of the North-east. Mind you Borno has border links with three international communities nd all these routes had been very viable business routes. We hope that when we renew our links with these communities, businesses shall boom again in Borno State and the nation at large†. Since January 20, 2012, when the militant sect launched its onslaught on the metropolitan city of Kano, life has not been the same again in the city which is noted as the heart of the development of the North. The attack on Kano has been very devastating because the city has always been the commercial centre of western Sudan for the past 500 years. The city had been economic base of the North before even neighbouring countries like NigerRepublic, Chad and northern Cameroun before the evolution of the Nigerian nation. But today the story is different as business and commercial activities have taken a turn for the worse in the city as a result of th e security problems occasioned by frequent killings and bombings. Investors who have been doing business in the city for ages are said to be relocating their businesses due to the unending security challenges in the city. Kano, which is reputed to be the hub of business and commercial activities in the entire 19 Northern states and beyond, is gradually losing steam. About 80 per cent of the industries are said to closed shops, due o power failure and the daunting security challenges. The security challenges have impacted negatively on both the private and public sectors of the economy as many business men and traders have relocated their businesses from the city. About 35 per cent of the over three million Igbo businessmen and traders in the city who engaged in both small and medium scale businesses are reported to have fled to Abuja and the South-east due to the growing insecurity posed by the activities of Boko Haram. The indigenous business community in the city especially the te xtile merchants are not faring better as they count their losses as heir customers who used to patronise them no longer go to Kano for fear of the unknown. The Durbar Festival in Kano which used to attract local and international tourists was canceled last week because of security issues even though it was attributed to the Emir’s failing health. The Kano State government lost huge revenue from this singular decision. The story is not different in Jos, the Plateau State capital the unofficial headquarters of the Middle Belt. Plateau has been in the news before the advent of Boko Haram as a result of the persistent ethnic and religious crisis that has continued to engulf the state.The city has witnessed so much carnage that many businesses are no longer thriving, as many business concerns have abandoned the city and moved out their investments. Though the city is not reputed as an industrial city, it is noted for its tourism potentials which have contributed to the national ec onomy. However, the once thriving tourism destination that was an attraction for local and international tourists is now history as the spate of violence in the state which hitherto prides it as the ‘Home of Peace and tourism’ seems to have been robbed off of its glory in the tourism industry. Today, Jos is a no go area for tourists as estination marketers and tour operators take their clients to destinations with relative peace. Only hotels are recording slightly above 20 per cent occupancy rate. Some are said to have closed down while the Jos Museums, Jos Wildlife and Amusement Park no longer witness visitors trooping there again. The impact on hospitality is so much that investors in the industry are looking elsewhere, especially at neighbouring places like Abuja since tourism does not thrive in an environment characterised by insecurity and violence. Apart from the ethno religious violence, the city has had its share of the Boko Haram ombings. Many people have close d up their businesses and left the city. Social and economic activities are on the lowest ebb as a result of the security situation. Like Jos, Kaduna the former capital of the defunct Northern region has not fared better as business activities in the city continued to nose dive as a result of the increasing level of insecurity in state. As a result of the prevailing level of insecurity, many businesses, especially beer parlour operators, night clubs and other places of relaxation are gradually folding up as their owners count their losses. Worst hit are those located in the northern art of the city, such as the elitist NAF club, owned by the Nigerian Airforce , along Rabbah Road, which used to be a beehive of activities. Many residents live in perpetual fear of the unknown as the Boko Haram sect continuous to attack the city as they restrict their business activities to areas where they feel safe. Worst hit is the hospitality business in the city. Many hoteliers are counting their l osses as a result of lack of patronage. Many people who come into town for any engagement prefer to go to stay in Abuja rather than stay the night in Kaduna. A source at one of the leading hotels in Kaduna lamented that since, the reprisal ttacks that trailed the June 17 bombing of Churches in Kaduna and Zaria, there had been very low patronage. â€Å"As you can see, the whole place is looking empty; we don’t have customers as we used to have because people are afraid of coming to Kaduna. No any serious event, meeting or occasion that could bring people to Kaduna is holding, so business is on the declined,† said the source. A lot of Igbo are said be relocating from the city to Abuja and the East for a more secured business environment. According to Mr. Ben Ikowu, a businessman, businesses are no longer thriving in Kaduna as they ought to be as a result of insecurity ccasioned by Boko Haram bombings. â€Å"Sincerely business is not thriving at all in Kaduna. The busine ss environment is very doll, there is so much uncertainty. Each day you wake up, you are scared because you are afraid of what may happen during the day and you are very careful of places to go so that you don’t get caught up in the wrong place if anything happens. â€Å"We, especially the non-indigenes have been living under serious fears because of the bombings. A lot of people, especially we Igbo, are relocating to Abuja and the East. Some people have relocated their investments. A good number of people thatI know have put up their houses for sale because they want to relocate. â€Å"I know people who have moved to Abuja to secure business offices so that they could have a place to fall back on if the situation of things in the North remains the way we are seeing. â€Å"I know people; some of my Igbo brothers who have relocated their families back home because of the situation of things in the North generally so as to avoid the experience of the 1966 civil war. They are ready to leave and join their families back home anytime if things get worst,† he said. He lamented further that businesses were at a standstill because people are scared, dding that â€Å"if anybody tells you those things are moving well in Kaduna, that person is telling a lie. Well things may be moving well for people who are working and getting salary at the end of the month, but for those of us in business, we going through serious difficulties. â€Å"There is feeling of insecurity and uncertainty everywhere and that not good for any economy, it is not good for business and investment. † Also lamenting the situation, the Executive Director of Admiral Agricultural and Environmental Care, Kaduna, Mr Shadrack Madlion, regretted that the business environment in the North is becoming orst and called on the authorities to do something about the worsening security situation. Madlion noted that â€Å"business activities in northern Nigeria today have gone to almost zero per cent. There is no way anybody can come and put up any investment where there is insecurity. † He lamented that â€Å"I was thriving on N3 million on daily bases in business, in my agricultural inputs, but today, I don’t see N80, 000. Those in the transport business are feeling it too. Social life in the North is gone. â€Å"No one is going to say the North should wake up because they are feeling it. I seat in my office and somebody expects me to ay my local government taxes and other government taxes, under what circumstances can I generate the funds when business is not moving. I am not even sure whether I would be able to pay my children’s school fees this coming session because there had not been business. â€Å"People move out of Kaduna to go and look for their daily bread. In terms of food business at this Ramadan period, it is progressive but as I speak with you sales have dropped by 75 per cent compared to last fasting session. Prices have gone up b ecause of insecurity. Lamenting the situation further, the Bishop of Kaduna Diocese of the Church of Nigeria,Anglican Communion, Rev. Josiah Idowu- Fearon, said that violence has destroyed the economic, social and religious lives of the people of Kaduna State. Addressing the first session of the 19th Synod of the Anglican Church in Kaduna recently, Fearon said a significant number of church members prefer to stay within the safety of their homes rather than coming to churches and be bombed to death. According to him, businesses have dropped and the standard of living has also dropped deeply, stressing that for the situation to stop, the North must do something. â€Å"The entire North-east of the country, Jos and Kano are almost completely isolated conomically, socially and politically. The understanding by many in this northern part today is that Kaduna, the ‘Heart Beat’ of the North is the next target of this group that is bent on this mission of self- destruction,â⠂¬  he said. In virtually all the states in the story is not different as people living under fear of the unknown. Concerned about happenings in the region, the Federal Government, in February this year, raised the alarm over the devastating effect of the Boko Haram insurgency on the region, warning that religious extremists will destroy the region if the activities of the Islamic sect are not curtailed.The Information Minister, Mr. Labaran Maku, who spoke on behalf of the government, had said the region needs peace and stability more than any other region in the country, particularly because the region is clearly lagging behind in terms of infrastructure, education and other development indices, declaring that the North's economy is on the verge of collapse. Sadly, the governors of the region appear to be helpless in containing the situation as the Islamic sect continuous with its bombardment. For how long will this continue? If the region comes out of this, it will surely take so me decades for it to recover from the effect of this madness.

Welch on “Winning” through Candor Essay Essay Example

Welch on â€Å"Winning† through Candor Essay Essay Example Welch on â€Å"Winning† through Candor Essay Essay Welch on â€Å"Winning† through Candor Essay Essay Kreitner and Kinicki ( 2008 ) insist on the significance of value driven leading in direction as the make up ones minding factor in what will take to a big company’s success. The fact that more than 30 % of Fortune 500 companies are being forced to allow travel of 1000s of employees in the States. leads the writers to set up a diverse array of leading theoretical accounts that can turn to the complex nature of the relationship between success and leading. Jack Welch does the same ; in his work â€Å"Winning. † he dissects the intricate waies and impedes to happening success in corporate leading. Of the many paradoxes he confronts. he argues that ‘lack of candor’ is the biggest dirty small secret in large concern. Welch’s place on this subject is really similar to Kreitner and Kinicki’s in that all three writers promote the pattern of healthy free-flowing consecutive communicating as one of the more cardinal tactics to running a successful organisation. The demand for honorable communicating in leading has lead to what companies call forming for socialisation. which fundamentally entails acquiring the company ready for the execution of a cognition group ( Kreitner and Kinicki. 2008 ) . Welch opens chapter two of â€Å"Winning† by placing fairness as the chief obstruction forestalling originative thoughts from come uping. He argues this is due to a common status of human nature for people to avoid fairness in order to be liked. He says. that the ‘make or brake importance of fairness is comparatively new to the concern universe. He cites that fairness gets more people involved in the conversation taking a corporate squads to being thought rich. giving them an immediate advantage over their competition. He says that fairness generates speed by seting thoughts in everyone’s face leting them to be evaluated and acted on quickly. Finally. he argues that fairness cuts costs by relieving the demand for long drawn out PowerPoint presentations. and cutting to the nucleus of issues as opposed to dancing around them. Welch besides exhaustively evaluates the disposition of people to avoid the usage of fairness in concern when he mentions an event that occurred while he was at a party. he says. What happened at a suburban cocktail party we attended last hebdomad is authoritative. over white vino and sushi axial rotations. one adult female standing in a bunch of five others started keening the atrocious emphasis being endured by the local simple school’s music instructor. other invitees chimed in. all holding that 4th graders were plenty to direct you to the insane refuge. Fortunately. merely before the music instructor was canonized. another invitee entered the conversation stating. ‘are you guys brainsick that teacher gets 15 hebdomads a twelvemonth away. She pointed to the physician standing in the circle who had been nodding off in understanding. â€Å"Robert† she said. â€Å"you make life or decease determinations every twenty-four hours. certainly you don’t purchase this sad narrative make you? † ( Welch 2005. chp2 ) Welch points out how the terminal consequence of the guest’s usage of fairness leads to fazing the group and sends them dispersing to the saloon. Welch uses this illustration to demo why people avoid utilizing fairness. Welch’s chief place on fairness and its usage in direction is that it allows for people in corporations to cognize realistically where they stand. By non being excessively nice and protecting employees who underperform. by non entertaining little talk but engaging in existent conversations one is seting the art of fairness in pattern. Acknowledging and apprehension of fairness involves the survey of human nature. Welch discusses this complex with acclaimed philosophers from different universities to happen that the chief motivation behind a deficiency of fairness in the concern universe is a fright of perplexing one’s circumstance by earning bitterness from those you openly justice. Welch argues that the usage of fairness becomes even more hard when affecting in a conference meeting with a company that has high net income borders. but could make better ( Welch. 2005 ) . He says there is an unexpressed apprehension among conference workers that ‘if you don’t challenge mine. I won’t challenge yours. ’ Welch states the lone manner to counter this type of relationship is to carefully lavish the directors with gratitude for their success. but to ‘poke around in a nonthreatening way’ by inquiring inquiries that promote enlargement and growing in the industry ( Welch. 2005 ) . Welch closes his statement on fairness by fundamentally stating it works because it un-clutters and with the overactive flow of information due to the cyberspace through. efficient and honest communicating among direction and between employees is critical. The enlargement of the cyberspace. and other engineerings that enhance communicating. have unwittingly led corporations to be within a planetary market that require them to be omnisciently connected to the of all time altering involvements of their consumers. Candor has become understood as an priceless factor for corporate success. The extent to which it’s practiced really frequently signifies how long a company will remain in concern ( Welch. 2005 ) . It is besides frequently deemed as a conducive necessity of strategic direction. This built-in relationship between fairness and strategic direction has incited corporations to develop cognition based squads. And. it is the direct consequence of promotions in engineering and the information age. Knowledge has become the most priceless installation any corporation can hold. and therefore the modern-day usage of fairness in corporations is deemed by many corporate theoreticians about as a signifier of cognition based care. and the turning away of this valuable doctrine can be damaging to a company’s success as Welch demonstrates with many different concern theoretical accounts ( 2005 ) . To show the advantages of fairness and the booby traps its usage can avoid. Welch mentions the particulars of the Enron dirt. He states that Enron’s concern hazards stemmed from interceding investings of possible energy contracts. The jobs arose when White House stepped out of this arbitral place and began come ining into contracts with purchasers and Sellerss of energy ( Welch. m 2005 ) . Covering with contracts that extended into abroad markets. specifically Europe. the concern hazards increased and finally reached a climactic high when the company worked as an mediator on web provider contracts. and started a trade good gross revenues site. Enron’s act of overstraining its resources involved the company in planetary energy undertakings. and made them of all time more likely to bring forth misstatements as many of these investings were destined to default. despite the fact that Enron White House had already set their sights on demoing a ageless growing in their stock. The autumn of Enron could hold merely been averted from an early phase. but it could hold really easy been prevented ( Welch. 2005 ) . The corrupt minutess with the SPE could hold been investigated. The board of managers is the concluding cheque point before the executives post their fiscal studies. so finally the board is responsible for non catching the misrepresentation. By non using their audit commission. the board failed to keep the unity of the company. In the terminal the full incident could hold been avoided if the SPE was neer formed. which is studies showed was an unexpressed belief among much of staff and had they exercised the usage of fairness this place would hold surfaced. Welch points out the value of communicating and the subjects required to carryout the needful interactions to keep successful cognition acquisition ( Welch 2005. chp2 ) . Within understanding the subjects involved in communicating. there is besides bring forthing understanding and advanced consequences from these interactions. Welch feels these advanced consequences rely on errors within the cognition squad. This is why ‘mucking around’ is portion of his doctrine. Welch fundamentally describes mucking about as the corporations tolerance for experimentation. He gets the name from a squad organized by Edison called the muckers this group was specifically designed to experiment and do errors. The modern-day illustration Welch uses to back up this thought is Disney’s Gong Show. in which amateurs display their endowments and Judgess can hit a tam-tam to halt the shows that don’t entreaty to them ( 2005 ) . On top of being a cult authoritative for Disney. this show besides helps the company asses what is entertaining to their viewing audiences and what isn’t. This facet of fairness use connects closely with Welch’s place on distinction in which he argues placing people who carry their weight and those who don’t. and doing this cognition populace through honoring the outstanding employees is critical for a company’s success. There is no manner to openly make this without the usage of fairness. In amount. free-flowing communicating where people say what they mean in the corporate universe can take to great success. Kreitner. Kinicki and Welch all agree on this point. They find the sarcasm of the deficiency of fairness in corporations. specifically in the higher grades of managerial leadings. is that consecutive talk is avoided due to a fright of being unpopular. This fright was so devout during the industrial epoch that there was a forced niceness used by many American industries like Ford and the steel Industry. Welch shows how the wont of avoiding confrontations led to a ‘courteous remoteness’ where companies chose to salvage face as opposed to cover with critical issues. The illustration he uses is when the Steel workers brotherhood demanded higher rewards. the Steel industry granted them their petition ; but alternatively of opening duologues to happen more advanced methods to accrue the gross. they merely transferred the cost of the rewards over to the automotive industry. who in bend transferred them over to the consumer. Welch’s run for the usage of fairness in direction discoveries it’s bearings when he points out how when the Eastern automotive industry through advanced thought developed much more low-cost cars and devastated the U. S. uncovering the failings in their concern tactics through their deficiency of communicating in leading. Finally. Welch establishes without a uncertainty that a corporation that fails to utilize fairness in direction is no better than a sinking ship waiting for the inevitable unless it grows willing to alter. Work Cited Kinicki. A. . A ; Kreitner. R. ( 2008 ) . Organizational Behavior. Boston: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Welch. J. . A ; Welch. S. ( 2005 ) . Wining. New York: HarperBusiness.